10/08/ · Postmodernism is best understood by defining the modernist ethos it replaced - that of the avant-garde who were active from s to the s. The various artists in the Postmodernism Essay. Postmodernism is a complex term, and it is important to define its boundaries as it concerns social problems. Generally speaking, analysts examine the Postmodernism is an exasperating term, and so are postmodern, postmodernist, postmodernity, and whatever else one might come across in the way of derivation. In the avalanche of articles
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Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse [1] [2] characterized by skepticism toward the " grand narratives " of modernismopposition to epistemic certainty or stability of meaningand emphasis on ideology as a means of maintaining political power. Initially emerging from a mode of literary criticismpostmodernism developed in the mid-twentieth century as a rejection of modernism [8] [9] [10] [11] and has been observed across many disciplines. Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse [1] [2] which challenges worldviews associated with Enlightenment rationality dating back to the 17th century.
Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioneddescribing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Initially, postmodernism was a mode of discourse on literature and literary criticism, commenting on the nature of literary text, meaning, author and reader, writing, and reading. The term postmodern was first used in Thompson, in his article in The Hibbert Journal a quarterly philosophical reviewused it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion, writing: "The raison d'être of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition.
In H. Hays described postmodernism as a new literary form. InBernard Iddings Bellpresident of St, essay on postmodernism. Stephen's College now Bard Collegepublished Postmodernism and Other Essaysmarking the first use of the term to describe the historical period following Modernity. It also forecasts the major cultural shifts toward Postmodernity and Bell being an Anglican Episcopal priest [28] [29] suggests orthodox religion as a solution. Toynbee : "Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of —".
In the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with essay on postmodernism architecture and led to the postmodern architecture movement [32] in response to the modernist architectural movement known as the International Style. Postmodernism in architecture was initially marked by a re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban settings, historical reference in decorative forms eclecticismand non-orthogonal angles. Author Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post-modern world that happened between and and described it as a "nameless era" characterized as a shift to a conceptual world based on pattern, purpose, and process rather than a mechanical cause.
This shift was outlined by four new realities: the emergence of an Educated Society, the importance of international developmentthe decline of the nation-state, and the collapse of the viability of non-Western cultures. Inin a lecture delivered at the Institute of Contemporary Art, London, Mel Bochner described "post-modernism" in art as having started with Jasper Johns"who first rejected sense-data and the singular point-of-view as the basis for his art, and treated art as a critical investigation". InWalter Truett Anderson described postmodernism as belonging to essay on postmodernism of four typological world views which he identified as:.
The basic features of what is now called postmodernism can be found as early as the s, most notably in the work of artists essay on postmodernism as Jorge Luis Borges. The primary features of postmodernism typically include the ironic play with styles, citations, and narrative levels, [39] [40] a metaphysical skepticism or nihilism towards a " grand narrative " of Western culture, [41] and a preference for the virtual at the expense of the Real or more accurately, a fundamental questioning of what 'the real' constitutes.
Since the late s, there has been a growing sentiment in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion". Structuralism was a philosophical movement developed by French academics in the s, essay on postmodernism, partly in response to French existentialism[47] and often interpreted in relation to modernism and high modernism. Thinkers who have been called "structuralists" include the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Straussthe linguist Ferdinand de Saussurethe Marxist philosopher Louis Althusserand the semiotician Algirdas Greimas. The early writings of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and the literary theorist Roland Barthes have also been called "structuralist". Those who began as structuralists but essay on postmodernism post-structuralists include Michel Foucaultessay on postmodernism, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillardessay on postmodernism, and Gilles Deleuze.
Other post-structuralists include Jacques DerridaPierre BourdieuJean-François LyotardJulia KristevaHélène Cixousessay on postmodernism, and Luce Irigaray. The American cultural theorists, critics, essay on postmodernism, and intellectuals whom they influenced include Judith ButlerJohn FiskeRosalind KraussAvital Ronelland Hayden White. Like structuralists, post-structuralists start from the assumption that people's identities, values, and economic conditions determine each other rather than having intrinsic properties that can be understood in isolation. But they nevertheless tended to explore how the subjects of their study might be described, reductively, as a essay on postmodernism of essential relationships, schematics, essay on postmodernism, or mathematical symbols.
An example is Claude Lévi-Strauss's algebraic formulation of mythological transformation in "The Structural Study of Myth" [49]. Postmodernism entails reconsideration of the entire Western value system love, marriage, popular culture, shift from an industrial to a service economy that took place since the s and s, with a peak in the Social Revolution of —are described with the term postmodernity[50] as opposed to postmodernisma term referring to an opinion or movement. One of the most well-known postmodernist concerns is deconstructiona theory for philosophy, literary criticism, essay on postmodernism, and textual analysis developed by Jacques Derrida.
Such critics misinterpret the statement as denying any reality outside of books. The statement is actually part of a critique of "inside" and "outside" metaphors when referring to the text, and is a corollary to the observation that there is no "inside" of a text as well. Derrida's method sometimes involves demonstrating that a given philosophical discourse depends on binary oppositions or excluding terms that the discourse itself has declared to be irrelevant or inapplicable. Derrida's philosophy inspired a postmodern movement called deconstructivism among architects, characterized by a design that rejects structural "centers" and encourages decentralized play among its elements.
Derrida discontinued his involvement with the movement after the publication of his collaborative project with architect Peter Eisenman in Chora L Works: Jacques Derrida and Peter Eisenman. The connection between postmodernism, posthumanism, and cyborgism has led to a challenge to postmodernism, for which the terms Post-postmodernism and postpoststructuralism were first coined in [56] [57]. In some sense, we may regard postmodernism, posthumanism, poststructuralism, etc. Deconference was an exploration in post-cyborgism i. what comes after the postcorporeal eraessay on postmodernism, and thus explored issues of postpostmodernism, essay on postmodernism, postpoststructuralism, and the like.
To understand this transition from 'pomo' cyborgism to 'popo' postcyborgism we must first understand the cyborg era itself. More recently metamodernismpost-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in Andrew Hoberek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth-Century Literature titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman performatismGilles Lipovetsky hypermodernityNicolas Bourriaud altermodernand Alan Kirby digimodernism, essay on postmodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism. None of these new theories or labels have so far gained essay on postmodernism widespread acceptance.
Sociocultural anthropologist Nina Müller-Schwarze offers neostructuralism as a possible direction. In the s a group of poststructuralists in France developed a radical critique of modern philosophy with roots discernible in Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and Heidegger, and became known as postmodern theorists, notably including Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Jean-François Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard, and others. New and challenging modes of thought and writing pushed the development of new areas and topics in philosophy. Essay on postmodernism the s, this spread to America Richard Rorty and the world.
Jacques Derrida was a French-Algerian philosopher best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction, which he discussed in numerous texts, essay on postmodernism, and developed in the context of phenomenology. Derrida re-examined the fundamentals of writing and its consequences on philosophy in general; sought to undermine the language of "presence" or metaphysics in an analytical technique which, beginning as a point of departure from Heidegger's notion of Destruktioncame to be known as deconstruction.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopherhistorian of ideasessay on postmodernism, social theoristand literary critic. First associated with structuralismFoucault created an oeuvre that today is seen as belonging to post-structuralism and to postmodern philosophy. Considered a leading figure of French theory [ fr ]his work remains fruitful in the English-speaking academic world in a large number of sub-disciplines. The Times Higher Education Guide described him in as the most cited author in the humanities. Michel Foucault introduced concepts such as discursive regimeor re-invoked those of older philosophers like episteme and genealogy in order to explain the relationship between meaning, power, and social behavior within social orders see The Order of ThingsThe Archaeology of KnowledgeDiscipline and Punishand The History of Sexuality.
Influenced by Nietzsche[73] Jean-François Lyotard is credited with being the first to use the term in a philosophical context, in his work The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. In it, he follows Wittgenstein's language games model and speech act theoryessay on postmodernism, contrasting two different language essay on postmodernism, that of the expert, and that of the philosopher. He talks about the transformation of knowledge into information in the computer age and likens the transmission or reception of coded messages information to a position within a language game. Lyotard defined philosophical postmodernism in The Postmodern Conditionwriting: "Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards metanarratives Postmodernists reject metanarratives because they reject the concept of truth that metanarratives presuppose.
Postmodernist philosophers, in general, argue that truth is always contingent on historical and social context rather than being absolute and universal—and that truth is always partial and "at issue" rather than being complete and certain. Richard Rorty argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. In addition, essay on postmodernism, he denounces the traditional epistemological perspectives of representationalism and correspondence theory that rely upon the independence of knowers and observers from phenomena and the passivity of natural phenomena in relation to consciousness.
Jean Baudrillard, in Simulacra and Simulationintroduced the concept essay on postmodernism reality or the principle of the Real is short-circuited by the interchangeability of signs in an era whose communicative and semantic acts are dominated by electronic media and digital technologies. Essay on postmodernism Baudrillard, "simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal. Fredric Jameson set forth one of the first expansive theoretical treatments of postmodernism as a historical period, intellectual trend, and social phenomenon in a series of lectures at the Whitney Museumlater expanded as Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism In Analysis of the Journeya journal birthed from postmodernism, Douglas Kellner insists that the "assumptions and procedures of modern theory" must be forgotten.
Extensively, Kellner analyzes the terms of this theory in real-life experiences and examples. The scale was larger than just postmodernism alone; it must be interpreted through cultural studies where science and technology studies play a huge role. The reality of the September 11 attacks on the United States of America is the catalyst for his explanation. In response, Kellner essay on postmodernism to examine the repercussions of understanding the effects of the 11 September attacks. He questions if the attacks are only able to be understood in a limited form of postmodern theory due to the level of irony.
The conclusion he depicts is simple: postmodernism, as most use it today, will decide what experiences and signs in one's reality will be one's reality as they know it. Modern Architectureas established and developed by Walter Gropius and Le Corbusierwas focused on:. They argued for architecture essay on postmodernism represented the spirit of the age as depicted in cutting-edge technology, be it airplanes, cars, ocean liners, or even supposedly artless grain silos. The intellectual scholarship regarding postmodernism and architecture is closely linked with the writings of critic-turned-architect Charles Jencksbeginning with lectures in the early s and his essay "The Rise of Post Modern Architecture" from Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or some aspects that emerged or developed in its aftermath.
Cultural production manifesting as intermedia, installation art, conceptual art, deconstructionist display, and multimedia, particularly involving video, are described as postmodern. Early mention of postmodernism as an element of graphic design appeared in the British magazine, "Design". Each had its own sites and venues, detractors and advocates. Jorge Luis Borges' short story " Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote ", is often considered as predicting postmodernism [92] and is a paragon of the ultimate parody. Novelists who are commonly connected with postmodern literature include Vladimir Nabokov essay on postmodernism, William GaddisUmberto EcoPier Vittorio TondelliJohn HawkesWilliam S, essay on postmodernism.
BurroughsKurt VonnegutJohn Barthessay on postmodernism, Jean RhysDonald BarthelmeE. DoctorowRichard KalichJerzy KosińskiDon DeLilloThomas Pynchon [94] Pynchon's work has also been described as high modern [95]essay on postmodernism, Ishmael ReedKathy AckerAna Lydia VegaJáchym Topol and Paul Auster. Inthe American scholar Ihab Hassan published The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature, an early work of literary criticism from a postmodern perspective that traces the development of what he calls "literature of silence" through Marquis de Sadeessay on postmodernism, Franz KafkaErnest HemingwaySamuel Beckett, and many others, including developments such as the Theatre of the Absurd essay on postmodernism the nouveau roman.
In Postmodernist FictionBrian McHale details the shift from modernism to postmodernism, arguing that the former is characterized by an epistemological dominant and that postmodern works have developed out of modernism and are primarily concerned with questions of ontology. McHale's "What Was Postmodernism? Jonathan Kramer has written that avant-garde musical compositions which some would consider modernist rather than postmodernist "defy more than seduce the listener, and they extend by potentially unsettling means the very idea of what music is, essay on postmodernism. Author on postmodernism, Dominic Strinati, essay on postmodernism, has noted, it is also important "to include in this category the so-called ' art rock ' musical innovations and mixing of styles associated with groups like Talking Headsand performers like Laurie Andersontogether with the self-conscious 'reinvention of disco ' by the Pet Shop Boys ".
In the lateth century, avant-garde academics labelled American singer Madonnaas the "personification of the postmodern", [] with Christian writer Graham Cray saying that "Madonna is perhaps the most visible example of what is called post-modernism", [] and Martin Amis described her as "perhaps the most postmodern personage on the planet". Modernism sought to design and plan cities that followed the logic of the new model of industrial mass production ; reverting to large-scale solutions, aesthetic standardisation, and prefabricated design solutions.
Jane Jacobs ' book Essay on postmodernism Death and Life of Great American Cities [] was a sustained critique of urban planning as it had developed within Modernism and marked a transition from modernity to postmodernity in thinking about urban planning Irving The transition from Modernism to Postmodernism is often said to have happened at pm on 15 July inwhen Pruitt—Igoea housing development for low-income people in St, essay on postmodernism. Louis designed by architect Minoru Yamasakiwhich had been a prize-winning version essay on postmodernism Le Corbusier's 'machine for modern living,' was deemed uninhabitable and was torn down Irving Since then, Postmodernism has involved theories that embrace and aim to create diversity.
As a result of Postmodernism, planners are much less inclined to lay a firm or steady claim to there being one single 'right way' of engaging in urban planning and are more open to different styles and ideas of 'how to plan' Irving
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10/08/ · Postmodernism is best understood by defining the modernist ethos it replaced - that of the avant-garde who were active from s to the s. The various artists in the Both modernism and post modernism focus on Style, Social analysis, Cultural Context, Philosophy, Politics, Human experience, Machine aesthetics, and the constant transformation Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse [1] [2] defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it characterizes as the "grand narratives" of modernism, opposition to
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